Kamis, 16 April 2020

Best Hacking Tools

      MOST USEFUL HACKING TOOL

1-Nmap-Network Mapper is popular and free open source hacker's tool.It is mainly used for discovery and security auditing.It is used for network inventory,inspect open ports manage service upgrade, as well as to inspect host or service uptime.Its advantages is that the admin user can monitor whether the network and associated nodes require patching.

2-Haschat-It is the self-proclaimed world's fastest password recovery tool. It is designed to break even the most complex password. It is now released as free software for Linux, OS X, and windows.


3-Metasploit-It is an extremely famous hacking framework or pentesting. It is the collection of hacking tools used to execute different tasks. It is a computer severity  framework which gives the necessary information about security vulnerabilities. It is widely used by cyber security experts and ethical hackers also.

4-Acutenix Web Vulnerability Scanner- It crawls your website and monitor your web application and detect dangerous SQL injections.This is used for protecting your business from hackers.


5-Aircrack-ng - This tool is categorized among WiFi hacking tool. It is recommended for beginners  who are new to Wireless Specefic Program. This tool is very effective when used rightly.


6-Wireshark-It is a network analyzer which permit the the tester to captyre packets transffering through the network and to monitor it. If you would like to become a penetration tester or cyber security expert it is necessary to learn how to use wireshark. It examine networks and teoubleshoot for obstacle and intrusion.


7-Putty-Is it very beneficial tool for a hacker but it is not a hacking tool. It serves as a client for Ssh and Telnet, which can help to connect computer remotely. It is also used to carry SSH tunneling to byepass firewalls. So, this is also one of the best hacking tools for hackers.


8-THC Hydra- It is one of the best password cracker tools and it consist of operative and highly experienced development team. It is the fast and stable Network Login Hacking Tools that will use dictonary or bruteforce attack to try various combination of passwords against in a login page.This Tool is also very useful for facebook hacking , instagram hacking and other social media platform as well as computer folder password hacking.


9-Nessus-It is a proprietary vulnerability scanner developed by tennable Network Security. Nessus is the world's most popular vulnerability scanner according to the surveys taking first place in 2000,2003,2006 in security tools survey.


10-Ettercap- It is a network sniffing tool. Network sniffing is a computer tool that monitors,analyse and defend malicious attacks with packet sniffing  enterprise can keep track of network flow. 


11-John the Ripper-It is a free famous password cracking pen testing tool that is used to execute dictionary attacks. It is initially developed for Unix OS. The Ripper has been awarded for having a good name.This tools can also be used to carry out different modifications to dictionary attacks.


12-Burp Suite- It is a network vulnerability scanner,with some advance features.It is important tool if you are working on cyber security.


13-Owasp Zed Attack Proxy Project-ZAP and is abbreviated as Zed  Attack Proxy is among popular OWASP project.It is use to find vulnerabilities in Web Applications.This hacking and penetesting tool is very easy to use  as well as very efficient.OWASP community is superb resource for those people that work with Cyber Security.


14-Cain & Abel-It is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating System. It allow easy recovery of various kinds of passwords by sniffing the networks using dictonary attacks.


15-Maltego- It is a platform that was designed to deliver an overall cyber threat pictures to the enterprise or local environment in which an organisation operates. It is used for open source intelligence and forensics developed by Paterva.It is an interactive data mining tool.

These are the Best Hacking Tools and Application Which are very useful for penetration testing to gain unauthorized access for steal crucial data, wi-fi hacking , Website hacking ,Vulnerability Scanning and finding loopholes,Computer hacking, Malware Scanning etc.

This post is only for educational purpose to know about top hacking tools which are very important for a hacker to gain unauthorized access. I am not responsible for any type of crime.





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U.S. Offers Rewards Up To $5 Million For Information On North Korean Hackers

The United States agencies today released a joint advisory warning the world about the 'significant cyber threat' posed by North Korean state-sponsored hackers to the global banking and financial institutions. Besides a summary of recent cyberattacks attributed to North Korean hackers, the advisory—issued by U.S. Departments of State, the Treasury, and Homeland Security, and the FBI—also

via The Hacker News

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How To Unlock Forgot Pattern Password In Android Phone

We've all been there. You accidentally enter the wrong password into your phone too many times, and suddenly, you're locked out of the device for good. Maybe your kid or a friend of yours took your phone and, as a joke or an accident, entered the wrong code one too many times. Maybe it's your secondary phone and it's been sitting in a drawer for a couple months and now you need it – but you forgot the code. With photos of our friends and family, our entire music collection, and our contacts library saved on our devices, one can't just be expected to hard reset the phone if something goes wrong with the passcode on the device.

Being locked out of our phones feels a lot like being locked out of our entire life. That said, you don't have to worry about trying to find a way out from phone purgatory. If you've accidentally triggered a permanent lockout of your phone, or you're not quite there yet but you know you've forgotten the password, you might feel the need to start panicking. Maybe you haven't forgotten the code to your phone, but you're looking for a smarter way to unlock the device when you're using it day-to-day. If you're curious about how phone unlocks work, whether trying to get into your locked device or just trying to make sure you don't accidentally lock yourself out, you've come to the right guide. With any luck, we'll be able to get you back into your phone without losing an ounce of data. And for those users who haven't lost their passcodes but are simply trying to use their phones in a smarter, more secure way, we have some tips for you too. This is how to unlock your Android phone.



Forgotten Passcodes

You've picked up your phone to check your text messages or your email, only to realize that something is wrong with your passcode. Despite knowing that you've set the password to be, let's say, your first child's birthday, nothing seems to be working. Your phone continues to tell you the password is wrong, but you've checked the spelling three times. Finally, your phone alerts you that you've been locked out of the device for the time being. What to do when you need your phone to pay for groceries, call an Uber, or check Instagram while waiting in line at the bank. If you've forgotten your passcode, you aren't completely out of luck just yet.

Try Variations on Your Passcode

Are you entirely sure you aren't misremembering your password? The first piece of advice we would give you is to ensure your passcode isn't being mixed up, or that you aren't forgetting a key piece of your passcode that happens to come at the end of the phrase. Plenty of us often forget about little tweaks to passwords we've added in order to ensure that our devices are as secure as possible. Here are some tips to making sure you're remembering every piece of your passcode:

  • Capital letters: If you're using a passcode phrase, you might've forgotten to add in any capital letters to your text. Make sure you remember to place the capital letters correctly as well; we've all forgotten the correct word or letter to capitalize in passcodes like this.
  • Numbers: Sometimes you forget about the number you added on your passcode a couple days ago. If your passphrase spells out "WaterInJuly382," you'll want to make sure you remember to enter the "382" part of the password. Don't be surprised if you accidentally forget to add the numbers onto your passcode. It happens to the best of us.
  • Special characters: Just like the capital letters, sometimes we add special characters into our passcodes to make them as complex as possible, only to forget the characters just hours later. Think back to decide whether you added an exclamation point, a dollar sign, or any other special character to your code in order to protect your data. It might make the difference between a lost passcode and saving your data.

Find My Mobile (Samsung Devices Only)

Are you using a Galaxy S9 or a Galaxy Note 8? You might be in luck: Samsung's own Find My Mobile tool features an additional feature not offered by Google's own Find My Device tool. Find My Mobile is similar to Find My Device or Find My Phone on iOS, but developed by Samsung specifically for their devices. For the most part, it does the same stuff you'd expect: Find My Mobile can locate your phone using GPS, make the device ring when you lose it in your couch cushions, and can even backup your data remotely using the web app offered by Samsung. More importantly, however, is the app's ability to unlock your device from your computer even if you've forgotten the passcode for the device.

There's a catch: if you haven't set up your Samsung account on your Galaxy S-device, you won't be able to do this. Like most of Samsung's tools, you need a Samsung account to log into the site and to unlock your device. Assuming you have set up your Samsung account—and haven't forgotten the passcode to that account—you should be able to unlock your device using the Find My Mobile web app here. All you need to do is sign in with your Samsung account, select the option to remotely unlock your device, and you'll be all set to go.

It's important to note that unlocking your device remotely does clear the biometric data off your device, so any fingerprints or iris scans you have saved on your device will have to be added back to your phone – small price to pay for saving your device's data in the long run.

As we mentioned, Google has a similar utility for all Android phones called "Find My Device," which only features the option to lock your device, not unlock it. If you've forgotten your passcode, all Find My Device will do is locate the device by GPS, re-lock the screen, and erase data; it won't be able to unlock the screen from the cloud.

Last Resort: Resetting Your Device

Unfortunately, thanks to the security enhancements added to Android 5.0 and above, most modern devices that aren't made by Samsung will have to be reset in order to bypass the password. Yes, this means you'll need to set your phone up again from scratch, re-downloading apps, music, and any other content you have saved on your mobile device. Being locked out of your device makes it difficult to back up any content on your phone, but if you already have some backup methods put in place, you can trigger them by plugging your phone. Both Google Drive backups (Pixel only) and Google Photos backups are often triggered by plugging your phone into a charger, so making sure your device is plugged in is ideal for guaranteeing that your software is saved. We recommend waiting until morning to reset your device if you're locked out; plenty of these backups happen overnight, including most SMS backups if you have an SMS backup app installed and running on your device.

Because you can't access the settings menu to factory reset your phone, you'll need to either use the hardware buttons on your phone to trigger a reset or use Google's Find My Device page in a web browser to reset the phone. Here's how to do each step:

If you're using Google's Find My Device page, load the URL here, sign into your Gmail account, and make sure your phone is selected. On the right side of the display, you'll see a Google Maps layout with a display showing the current location of your phone. On the left side of the display, you'll see a tab with three options: Play Sound, Lock, and Erase. Hit the Erase option to automatically trigger a device reset. Remember that your phone has to be powered on and connected to the internet in order to use this method.

Now, if you don't have access to the phone and can't use Find My Device to restore the phone over the web, you'll need to rely on the second method. To manually erase the device and reset the phone, you'll need to use the hardware buttons to load into your device's recovery system. This is accomplished a little differently on every phone, so your best option is to search for your phone model on Google with the keywords "boot into recovery." Some devices, like Samsung's lineup of phones, are fairly easy to boot into recovery with; you turn off the phone and press and hold a specific button combination to boot into recovery. Other phones, like Google's Pixel 2 XL, are much more finicky, requiring you to press and hold on one key and press and release another at the right time in order to boot into recovery. There are so many various methods for each Android phone, it's basically a requirement to search for the correct method for your phone to do this.

Once you've booted into recovery mode, use your device's volume up and volume down buttons to scroll through the list until you reach "Wipe Data/Factory Reset." Use the power button to select this option, then confirm your selection on the next display. Your phone will begin to reset; make sure the phone is charged enough to ensure it can last at least 30 minutes without dying. Once your phone has rebooted back to the menu screen, you can set up your device by logging back into the Google account you use for your phone. It is vitally important you use the same Google account you used on your phone prior to resetting. Android has a built-in security protocol known as Factory Reset Protection that requires a recently-reset phone to have the same Google account as previously used on the device in order to prevent a thief from immediately using the stolen phone. If you don't have the password for your Google account, you can reset it, but that means you won't be able to log into your phone for 24 hours after the reset.

Backup + Factory Reset

Probably the best combination of things to do does require you plan ahead, and set up a backup of your phone's data to the Google Cloud. This way, even if you have to reset the phone for whatever reason, a reasonably current set of your phone's data will be available, intact, and ready to get your phone back into action. I will walk you through how to set this up. You will need a Google account for this.

To set up backup, follow these steps.

  1. Go to Settings on your phone.
  2. Select System->Backup.
  3. Select Google backup.
  4. Select "Backup Now"

Your phone will now copy the critical data to your Google account.

Restoring from backup is simple. After you reset your phone and attach your Google account to the phone again, it will automatically restore your data from backup. Running a backup takes only a few minutes on a WiFi connection, or even less if you keep your phone regularly backed up – get into the habit of setting off a backup every night when you go to bed and you will always have a near-realtime backup of your phone.

(Want to backup more than just your phone? You can with one of these speedy 4-TB portable hard drives from Toshiba. You can back up all the computers in your household, and still have room for a thousand movies.)

Unlocking Your Phone with Speed

If you aren't having trouble getting into your phone, but you want to make sure your phone is secure while simultaneously unlocking your phone with some serious speed in order to make your day easier, we have some advice. There are plenty of options for unlocking your device, and they all help to make unlocking your phone easier and to prevent a situation where you forget the code for your phone.

Smart Lock

Smart Lock is one of our favorite tools on Android that is unavailable on other platforms. It makes it easy to make sure your phone is always secure, while simultaneously working to stay out of your way when you want access to your device. Basically, Smart Lock offers Android users several ways to unlock their phones when they're using it, while keeping it locked when it's not near them. To turn on smart lock, you'll need to open up your settings menu on your Android device and head into the Security submenu. Under "Device Security," you'll find an option for Smart Lock. Type in your passcode or password to enter Smart Lock, and you'll be greeted with (as of writing) five unique options for unlocking your phone. Let's break each of these down:

  • On-body detection: This setting allows you to unlock your device once before disabling the lock for as long as the phone is in your hand or on your person. Using your smartphone's array of sensors, the device tracks when your device is in use, so you can turn the display off but keep the phone unlocked while it's in your hand. When your phone realizes that it's been set down, your phone will automatically re-lock, requiring a password. This isn't the most secure method Smart Lock offers, but it is pretty cool.

  • Trusted places: Sure, it's one thing to keep your phone locked when you're out on the town, but what about when you're sitting in your apartment watching Netflix and you just want to be able to use your phone without constantly worrying about your password? Trusted places works to use the GPS in your phone to detect that you're in a secure location of your choosing, and automatically keeps your phone unlocked for you. As soon as you leave your location, your phone relocks, keeping things safe and secure for you and your device.

  • Trusted devices: This might be the best of the five Smart Lock options, because it's ideal for keeping your devices safe when you're nearby and keeping your phone locked when you've left. Do you own a smartwatch, a fitness tracker, a set of wireless headphones, or any other device that syncs over Bluetooth? Trusted devices might be the option for you, allowing you to keep your phone unlocked when your phone is paired with your gadgets. Smartwatches and fitness trackers are ideal for this, but it also helps you keep your phone unlocked when driving in your Bluetooth-equipped car, when running with Bluetooth headphones, or when paired with a set of Bluetooth speakers.

  • Trusted face: Plenty of phones have had a face unlock feature, though none of them are quite as secure as the FaceID method on the iPhone X. Still, if you want, you can enable Trusted Face on your device in order to allow your camera to automatically unlock your phone when it recognizes you. However, Trusted Faces is much more easily fooled than the above methods, especially since a photo of you—or even a lookalike—could unlock your phone without having to use any security. Use this one with caution.

  • Voice Match: Voice Match is a bit different than the other options on this list, because largely speaking, it's used to activate Google Assistant more than unlock your device. Here's the deal: turning on Voice Match allows you to access your Google Assistant every time you say "OK Google," even while the screen is off. Once you've enabled that ption, you have a second choice: "Unlock with Voice Match," which allows you to automatically unlock your phone when the sound of your voice saying "OK Google" matches the saved voice model on your device.

You can enable just one or all five of these, so don't worry if you like the idea of Trusted Devices but don't want to use On-Body Detection. If Smart Lock makes you feel like you can't properly keep your smartphone secured while enabling these settings, you don't need to worry. Every Android smartphone with Smart Lock enabled has the ability to lock the device manually, requiring a passcode or fingerprint in order to use the device properly. At the bottom of your lock screen is a small lock icon that allows you the choice of manually locking your phone. How you use it is actually a little different depending on your device; for example, Samsung devices have you press the icon to lock the app, but the Pixel phones have you press and hold the icon.

Once you've done this, your phone will give you a small notification alerting you that your device has been manually locked, and that the device will stay locked until you're ready to manually unlock with either your fingerprint (if you've turned this on) or your passcode. Manually locking your phone disables all smart locks, so even if you turn on a trusted Bluetooth device, you'll have to either input your passcode or password, or use your fingerprint to unlock the device if you have biometric security enabled. We'll talk more about fingerprints in the section below, and more specifically, how you can keep your biometric data from being used against you on upcoming versions of Android.

Smart Lock is one of those features that seems like a no-brainer, since it's so damn easy to setup and use to your benefit. That said, using Smart Lock obviously raises security concerns overall, since it does keep your phone unlocked more often. You'll want to play around with Smart Lock to find the right combination of security and ease of use for you. Maybe that means unlocking the device when it's attached to your car's Bluetooth and when you're at home, but keeping it secured at work and leaving on-body detection disabled. Whatever the right combination is for you will likely be a personal decision, but with five different modes of Smart Lock available, you have plenty of options and combinations to choose from.

Fingerprints

Almost every Android device in 2018 has a fingerprint sensor equipped on the body of the device, allowing you to easily access your content without having to go through the hassle of entering your passcode every time you use your phone. Fingerprints aren't a perfect unlocking method, but they're fast, secure, and can be equipped with up to four fingerprint entries on most phones. If you aren't using the fingerprint sensor on your device, you should enable it if only to create a backup option. Even if you prefer to unlock your phone by using an unlock method like a PIN, pattern, or password, fingerprints are perfect if you're ever in danger of accidentally locking the device without knowing the proper password.

If you aren't one to use fingerprints to unlock your phone, one step you could take to ensure you never forget your passcode is set the fingerprint on your phone to unlock with a finger that isn't your thumb or index finger. For example, try using your pinky finger or your ring finger as a way to program a fingerprint without making it obvious. You'll always have the option to use your fingerprint as a backup if you forget your code, but otherwise, you'll be good to go when it comes to always having a way to unlock your phone. You could also try using the fingerprint of someone you intensely trust, like a partner or a child, if only to keep a backup that doesn't happen to be with you all the time. This is especially good if you're worried about being forced to unlock your phone by law enforcement, a pressing matter that is becoming more prevalent all the time.

Finally, if you're still worried about logging your fingerprints on your Android device due to security concerns, the upcoming release of Android P has a security feature built-in that allows you to quickly disable fingerprint scanning if you find yourself at risk of being forced to unlock your device. Called "lockdown" in the settings menu, the option allows you to immediately disable both fingerprints and Smart Lock, just by using the option that appears within the power menu on the lock screen. It only disables those features for one lock, but if you're in a place where you're worried your biometric or smartwatch lock features might be used against you, it's a great option to feel more secure.

Notes and Reminders

If you're the type of person who likes to use a complex password on their phone and balks at the idea of using any of the smart unlock features we highlighted above, you might want to consider using the lock screen text display as a way to leave yourself helpful notes and tips to make remembering your password that much easier. Every Android device on the market today has support for placing a message on the lock screen, and you can display some pretty long messages. While most people use this as a way to label their phone (the example in Android is "Joe's Android"), you can also use it to set what amounts to old password hints from Windows and other desktop operating systems.

So, for example, if you've set your password as the name and birthdate of your daughter (ie., "elizabeth1217"), you could set the reminder on your lock screen as "ebbirth", for "elizabeth1217." This can be done for any password, even if it's a random phrase. "Candy90erring60Blinders," for example, could be hinted at on your lock screen with "Reese's, Jewelry, Sunlight." You'll still have to work to remember the numbers and the correct words that match up with the other content, but it can go a long way in helping you to remember what your password is without giving it away. Again, this is totally optional, a way for users to remember their long passwords without having to deal with giving it away or writing it down.

Password Managers

This final tip is for those among us who have a reputation for forgetting passwords and passcodes. If you're always worried about losing your password to your phone and getting locked out, you might want to try using a password manager like Lastpass or 1Password, which allows you to save all your passwords in one place with a single unlock, typically requiring a fairly long phrase in order to gain access to your passcodes. We recommend Lastpass for password manager beginners, because it's free and works with all your devices out of the box. We recommend writing the passcode down somewhere safe and secure in your house, then saving your phone's password inside of Lastpass for safekeeping. It might seem like an odd choice, and certainly won't speed up the unlocking process if you do manage to forget your password, but it's always good to have a backup unlock method to keep your phone's data safe.

***

Losing access to your phone is a nightmare. It's where all of your personal data, from bank account information to photos of your family and friends, lives and is kept safe. Being locked out of your data can feel like the end of the world, but luckily, it doesn't have to be. Whether you're worried about locking yourself of your account, or you've recently updated your phone's password and want to make sure you don't lose it, there are plenty of options to ensure you don't lose access. And even if you have, you aren't completely out of luck, thanks to the various options that exist for getting back into your account.

If you're looking for a way to unlock your phone faster, there's all sorts of opportunities to make sure your Android device is ready for you to login without having to enter your password every time. Biometric security has become fairly commonplace in the mobile arena, and likewise, Smart Lock on Android has made it easy to keep your device secure when it needs to be and unlocked when it doesn't. Overall, the security options on Android have become so plentiful that there's no reason not to keep some kind of security on your Android device. Just make sure you remember the password before you save the account information.

@EVERYTHING NT

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Hacking All The Cars - Part 2


Connecting Hardware to Your Real Car: 

 I realized the other day I posted Part 2 of this series to my youtube awhile ago but not blogger so this one will be quick and mostly via video walkthrough. I often post random followup videos which may never arrive on this blog. So if you're waiting on something specific I mentioned or the next part to a series its always a good idea to subscribe to the YouTube. This is almost always true if there is video associated with the post.  

In the last blog we went over using virtual CAN devices to interact with a virtual car simulators of a CAN network This was awesome because it allowed us to learn how to interact with he underlying CAN network without fear of hacking around on an expensive automobile. But now it's time to put on your big boy pants and create a real CAN interface with hardware and plug your hardware device into your ODB2 port. 

The video I created below will show you where to plug your device in, how to configure it and how to take the information you learned while hacking around on the virtual car from part1 and apply it directly to a real car.   

Video Walk Through Using Hardware on a Real Car




As a reference here are the two device options I used in the video and the needed cable: 

Hardware Used: 

Get OBD2 Cable:
https://amzn.to/2QSmtyL

Get CANtact:
https://amzn.to/2xCqhMt

Get USB2CAN:
https://shop.8devices.com/usb2can


Creating Network Interfaces: 

As a reference here are the commands from the video for creating a CAN network interface: 

USB2Can Setup: 
The following command will bring up your can interface and you should see the device light color change: 
sudo ip link set can0 up type can bitrate 125000

Contact Setup: 
Set your jumpers on 3,5 and 7 as seen in the picture in the video
Sudo slcand -o -s6 /dev/ttyACM can0 <— whatever device you see in your DMESG output
Ifconfig can0 up

Summary: 

That should get you started connecting to physical cars and hacking around. I was also doing a bit of python coding over these interfaces to perform actions and sniff traffic. I might post that if anyone is interested. Mostly I have been hacking around on blockchain stuff and creating full course content recently so keep a look out for that in the future. 

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TERMINOLOGIES OF ETHICAL HACKING

What is the terminologies in ethical hacking?

Here are a few key terms that you will hear in discussion about hackers and what they do:


1-Backdoor-A secret pathway a hacker uses to gain entry to a computer system.


2-Adware-It is the softw-are designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system.


3-Attack-That action performs by a attacker on a system to gain unauthorized access.


4-Buffer Overflow-It is the process of attack where the hacker delivers malicious commands to a system by overrunning an application buffer.


5-Denial-of-Service attack (DOS)-A attack designed to cripple the victim's system by preventing it from handling its normal traffic,usally by flooding it with false traffic.


6-Email Warm-A virus-laden script or mini-program sent to an unsuspecting victim through a normal-looking email message.


7-Bruteforce Attack-It is an automated and simplest kind of method to gain access to a system or website. It tries different combination of usernames and passwords,again & again until it gets in from bruteforce dictionary.


8-Root Access-The highest level of access to a computer system,which can give them complete control over the system.


9-Root Kit-A set of tools used by an intruder to expand and disguise his control of the system.It is the stealthy type of software used for gain access to a computer system.


10-Session Hijacking- When a hacker is able to insert malicious data packets right into an actual data transmission over the internet connection.


11-Phreaker-Phreakers are considered the original computer hackers who break into the telephone network illegally, typically to make free longdistance phone calls or to tap lines.


12-Trojan Horse-It is a malicious program that tricks the computer user into opening it.There designed with an intention to destroy files,alter information,steal password or other information.


13-Virus-It is piece of code or malicious program which is capable of copying itself has a detrimental effect such as corrupting the system od destroying data. Antivirus is used to protect the system from viruses.


14-Worms-It is a self reflicating virus that does not alter  files but resides in the active memory and duplicate itself.


15-Vulnerability-It is a weakness which allows a hacker to compromise the security of a computer or network system to gain unauthorized access.


16-Threat-A threat is a possible danger that can exploit an existing bug or vulnerability to comprise the security of a computer or network system. Threat is of two types-physical & non physical.


17-Cross-site Scripting-(XSS) It is a type of computer security vulnerability found in web application.It enables attacker to inject client side script into web pages viwed by other users.


18-Botnet-It is also known as Zombie Army is a group of computers controlled without their owner's knowledge.It is used to send spam or make denial of service attacks.


19-Bot- A bot is a program that automates an action so that it can be done repeatedly at a much higher rate for a period than a human operator could do it.Example-Sending HTTP, FTP oe Telnet at a higer rate or calling script to creat objects at a higher rate.


20-Firewall-It is a designed to keep unwanted intruder outside a computer system or network for safe communication b/w system and users on the inside of the firewall.


21-Spam-A spam is unsolicited email or junk email sent to a large numbers of receipients without their consent.


22-Zombie Drone-It is defined as a hi-jacked computer that is being used anonymously as a soldier or drone for malicious activity.ExDistributing Unwanted Spam Emails.


23-Logic Bomb-It is a type of virus upload in to a system that triggers a malicious action when certain conditions are met.The most common version is Time Bomb.


24-Shrink Wrap code-The process of attack for exploiting the holes in unpatched or poorly configured software.


25-Malware-It is an umbrella term used to refer a variety of intrusive software, including computer viruses,worms,Trojan Horses,Ransomeware,spyware,adware, scareware and other malicious program.


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Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 6: File Inclusion

In this article we are going to go through File Inclusion Vulnerability. Wikipedia defines File Inclusion Vulnerability as: "A file inclusion vulnerability is a type of web vulnerability that is most commonly found to affect web applications that rely on a scripting run time. This issue is caused when an application builds a path to executable code using an attacker-controlled variable in a way that allows the attacker to control which file is executed at run time. A file include vulnerability is distinct from a generic directory traversal attack, in that directory traversal is a way of gaining unauthorized file system access, and a file inclusion vulnerability subverts how an application loads code for execution. Successful exploitation of a file inclusion vulnerability will result in remote code execution on the web server that runs the affected web application."
There are two types of File Inclusion Vulnerabilities, LFI (Local File Inclusion) and RFI (Remote File Inclusion). Offensive Security's Metasploit Unleashed guide describes LFI and RFI as:
"LFI vulnerabilities allow an attacker to read (and sometimes execute) files on the victim machine. This can be very dangerous because if the web server is misconfigured and running with high privileges, the attacker may gain access to sensitive information. If the attacker is able to place code on the web server through other means, then they may be able to execute arbitrary commands.
RFI vulnerabilities are easier to exploit but less common. Instead of accessing a file on the local machine, the attacker is able to execute code hosted on their own machine."
In simpler terms LFI allows us to use the web application's execution engine (say php) to execute local files on the web server and RFI allows us to execute remote files, within the context of the target web server, which can be hosted anywhere remotely (given they can be accessed from the network on which web server is running).
To follow along, click on the File Inclusion navigation link of DVWA, you should see a page like this:
Lets start by doing an LFI attack on the web application.
Looking at the URL of the web application we can see a parameter named page which is used to load different php pages on the website.
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=include.php
Since it is loading different pages we can guess that it is loading local pages from the server and executing them. Lets try to get the famous /etc/passwd file found on every linux, to do that we have to find a way to access it via our LFI. We will start with this:
../etc/passwd
entering the above payload in the page parameter of the URL:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=../etc/passwd
we get nothing back which means the page does not exist. Lets try to understand what we are trying to accomplish. We are asking for a file named passwd in a directory named etc which is one directory up from our current working directory. The etc directory lies at the root (/) of a linux file system. We tried to guess that we are in a directory (say www) which also lies at the root of the file system, that's why we tried to go up by one directory and then move to the etc directory which contains the passwd file. Our next guess will be that maybe we are two directories deeper, so we modify our payload to be like this:
../../etc/passwd
we get nothing back. We continue to modify our payload thinking we are one more directory deeper.
../../../etc/passwd
no luck again, lets try one more:
../../../../etc/passwd
nop nothing, we keep on going one directory deeper until we get seven directories deep and our payload becomes:
../../../../../../../etc/passwd
which returns the contents of passwd file as seen below:
This just means that we are currently working in a directory which is seven levels deep inside the root (/) directory. It also proves that our LFI is a success. We can also use php filters to get more and more information from the server. For example if we want to get the source code of the web server we can use php wrapper filter for that like this:
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
We will get a base64 encoded string. Lets copy that base64 encoded string in a file and save it as index.php.b64 (name can be anything) and then decode it like this:
cat index.php.b64 | base64 -d > index.php
We will now be able to read the web application's source code. But you maybe thinking why didn't we simply try to get index.php file without using php filter. The reason is because if we try to get a php file with LFI, the php file will be executed by the php interpreter rather than displayed as a text file. As a workaround we first encode it as base64 which the interpreter won't interpret since it is not php and thus will display the text. Next we will try to get a shell. Before php version 5.2, allow_url_include setting was enabled by default however after version 5.2 it was disabled by default. Since the version of php on which our dvwa app is running on is 5.2+ we cannot use the older methods like input wrapper or RFI to get shell on dvwa unless we change the default settings (which I won't). We will use the file upload functionality to get shell. We will upload a reverse shell using the file upload functionality and then access that uploaded reverse shell via LFI.
Lets upload our reverse shell via File Upload functionality and then set up our netcat listener to listen for a connection coming from the server.
nc -lvnp 9999
Then using our LFI we will execute the uploaded reverse shell by accessing it using this url:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=../../hackable/uploads/revshell.php
Voila! We have a shell.
To learn more about File Upload Vulnerability and the reverse shell we have used here read Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 5: Using File Upload to Get Shell. Attackers usually chain multiple vulnerabilities to get as much access as they can. This is a simple example of how multiple vulnerabilities (Unrestricted File Upload + LFI) can be used to scale up attacks. If you are interested in learning more about php wrappers then LFI CheetSheet is a good read and if you want to perform these attacks on the dvwa, then you'll have to enable allow_url_include setting by logging in to the dvwa server. That's it for today have fun.
Leave your questions and queries in the comments below.

References:

  1. FILE INCLUSION VULNERABILITIES: https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/file-inclusion-vulnerabilities/
  2. php://: https://www.php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php.php
  3. LFI Cheat Sheet: https://highon.coffee/blog/lfi-cheat-sheet/
  4. File inclusion vulnerability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_inclusion_vulnerability
  5. PHP 5.2.0 Release Announcement: https://www.php.net/releases/5_2_0.php


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